Fundus Fluorescein Angiogram (FFA):

Purpose of FFA:
This test is done to find out the health of retinal blood vessels

Procedure:
Fluorescein dye is given intravenously and when the dye circulates in retinal blood vessels, photographs are taken using a digital Fundus camera, the images are stored and analysed to diagnose various retinal diseases

Contraindication for FFA:
1. People with severe drug allergies
2. ⁠End stage renal disease
3. ⁠Pregnancy

Side effects:
1. Many people develop mild nausea and vomiting after the injection of the dye. So the test is done on a relatively empty stomach
2. ⁠Mild itching and skin rashes may develop following dye injection in few people

Few retinal diseases where this test is done:
1. Central Serous Chorio Retinopathy (CSCR)
2. ⁠Choroidal Neovascular Membranes (CNVM)
3. ⁠Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)
4. ⁠Inflammatory diseases (Vasculitis, Chorioretinitis)

Fundus Photography (FP):

Purpose of FP:
1. To document various retinal, choroidal & optic nerve diseases
2. ⁠To educate the patient regarding his eye condition
3. ⁠For follow up documentation
Procedure:
Pupil of patient is dilated using dilatation eye drops. Then Fundus photos are taken using a digital camera and stored for further analysis
Side effects:
1. Mild eye discomfort due to flash light used to take photos
2. ⁠Blurred vision for few hours
All the discomfort will decrease and the vision will become normal in couple of hours

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT):

Purpose of OCT:
To analyse the health of various layers of retina, Vitreoretinal interface & Choroid. OCT will show 10 different layers of retina, Vitreoretinal interface and superficial choroid which will not be well differentiated on clinical examination
Procedure:
Pupil of patient is dilated using dilatation eye drops. Then OCT scans are done using Laser light that is safe to eye
Side effects:
Mild blurred vision for few minutes
Few diseases where OCT is done:
1. Epiretinal Membrane (ERM)
2. ⁠vitreo macular traction (VMT)
3. ⁠Macular edema in Diabetes, Venous occlusions ( CRVO & BRVO)
4. ⁠CSCR
5. ⁠CNVM
6. ⁠Macular hole  etc

Ultrasonography (USG):

Purpose:
This test is done to assess the retinal status in opaque media
Procedure:
No need for dilating the pupil for this test. Patient is made to lie down or sit straight. Ultra sound probe is kept on the eye and images are stored and analysed
Side effects:
No side effects for this test
Few conditions where USG is done:
1. Mature Cataract
2. ⁠Vitreous hemorrhage
3. ⁠Eye injuries
4. ⁠Eye infections

Glaucoma

1. Glaucoma Check Up Using
   1. Glaucoma Check Up Using
   2. Applanation Tonometer
   3. Optic disc Photography
   4. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Glaucoma evaluation
2. Medical management of glaucoma

1. Differential diagnosis of various inflammatory diseases
2. Investigating for the cause
3. Management accordingly

1. Comprehensive Eye Examination
   1. Glass Power Checking
   2. General Eye Health Check up using
      • Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy
      • Indirect Ophthalmoscope
      • Intraocular pressure check up using Aplanation Tonometer
   3. Spectacle & Contact lens prescription

Glaucoma

1. Diagnosis of glaucoma
2. Medical management of glaucoma